LEA312 Week 5 Final Paper

Each student will submit an eight- to ten-page paper (exclusive of title and reference page) on a topic from the list below. The student should be creative in choosing a topic that peaks their interest and can be sufficiently supported with research, data, and substantiated theory or application and allows them to illustrate their critical thinking and writing skills developed throughout the course.

 Problem-Oriented Policing
 Leadership Effectiveness in Community Policing
 Maximizing Law Enforcement Operation Effectiveness
 Building Community Support for Policing Efforts
 Community Policing Models
 Leadership Dilemmas Encountered in Community Policing
 The Effectiveness of Community Policing
 Organizational Development to Enhance Community Policing
 Budget Constraints in Community Policing
 Grant Funding of Community Policing Programs
 Exercising Community Involvement in Community Policing Efforts

The purpose of the Research Paper is for the student through the use of research and the exercise of critical thinking skills to examine current problems, issues, and factors that influence community-oriented policing models both now and into the future. The emphasis of the paper should center on the importance of the topic with regard to law enforcement administration, leadership, and management of successful community policing organizations. At a minimum, the student’s research and information shall include the following:

1. A consolidated thesis statement identifying the direction and focus of the paper. 

2. A detailed description of the history and development of the topic.
3. A comprehensive discussion of the impact or potential impact on community policing effectiveness.
4. A critical analysis of the topic with regard to community policing.
5. An assessment of the topic’s effectiveness in addressing organizational and administrative issues within the
   community policing model. A statistical analysis is included, if applicable.
6. A discussion on the future effects to community policing and discuss how it will be possible. 

LEA312 Week 5 DQ 2 The Future of Community-Oriented Policing

1. The Future of Community-Oriented Policing. Based on the textbook, compare two future concerns or issues regarding research, problems, or benefits with current situations in these areas. What factors will initiate these changes throughout the future? How will this affect or change community policing at the officer-level? 
2. 
   

LEA312 Week 5 DQ 1 International Policing

1. International Policing. After reviewing the analysis from the text, compare and contrast the methods between two of the listed international styles of community policing and a style of community policing employed in the United States. In your opinion, what are the reasons behind the differences? Would your selected international styles work in your community? Why or why not? 
2. 
   

LEA312 Week 4 Quiz

1. The first police experiment that would move the practice of policing evaluation into the transitional stage was the:

2. Which of the following is not one of the ten principles of community-oriented police chiefs?

3. When the police chief acts as a coordinator of information between government agencies, between departmental divisions, and between the police and the public, he or she is acting in the role of:

4. The program where police chiefs and upper level management are afforded the opportunity to receive corporate training with many of the large companies and businesses is called operation:

5. At the turn of the century, a new management technique was developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor, which would later be applied to policing. What is the name of the management style?

6. President Clinton’s campaign slogan, “100,000 Cops” had nothing to do with community-oriented policing

7. President Johnson established what commission?

8. RCPI stands for:

9. The three types of survey evaluation methods are mail surveys, interview surveys, and telephone surveys.

10. Which of the following programs was geared toward taking former soldiers being separated from the military and making them police officers?

LEA312 Week 4 DQ 2 Evaluating Policing

Evaluating Policy. Thoroughly explain the importance of the community policing evaluation process, two forms of evaluation used in determining policing effectiveness, and how the evaluations are used by the administration. How does the community policing evaluation process differ from that used in evaluating traditional policing? In your opinion, does the evaluation process properly identify successful implementation or areas of concern? Why or why not? 

LEA312 Week 4 DQ 1 Ten Principles

1. Ten Principles. In reviewing the text, the author identifies Ten Principles of the Community-Oriented Policing Chief. Selectfour of the principles, in rank order, that you deem to be mostimportant for the Chief’s success. Provide your opinion as to why these principles are most important. Does the importance of these selected principles change over time based on the established implementation of community- oriented policing? 
2. 
   

LEA312 Week 3 Research Paper Draft

Research Paper Draft. Review the Research Paper instructions found in Week Five of the online course or under the “Components of Course Evaluation” section of this guide. The Research Paper is due in Week Five. To help with the preparation of the research paper, complete the following and submit it to your instructor for feedback.

1. Topic: Select a topic from the list provided in the Research Paper instructions.
2. Thesis: Develop your thesis statement. This will become the point or perspective you will argue or prove
   in the paper. Please visit the Ashford Writing Center for information on how to develop a solid thesis.
3. References: The paper must have at least five additional reference resources, two of which must be from
   the Ashford Online Library. All others must be obtained from a professional journal, document, or book
   which is supported by accepted research standards.
4. Analysis: After drawing up an initial outline of the subjects you plan to discuss regarding your Research
   Topic, expand your analysis on several of your outline topics in order to identify the direction and focus of your paper for the instructor to provide feedback. This should provide two to four pages of “draft” analysis in paragraph form. 

LEA312 Week 3 DQ 2 Maximizing Community Involvement

Maximizing Community Involvement. In reviewing “Community Involvement: The Ultimate Force Multiplier,” thoroughly discuss and explain three areas where community involvement has been identified as the key to the success of the department or agency. In your opinion, what is the key component in securing the desired level of commitment from the community? Why? 

LEA312 Week 3 DQ 1 Organizational Change and Total Quality Management

Organizational Change and Total Quality Management. Based on the textbook and reading assignment, “Changing Organizational Culture to Adapt to a Community Policing Philosophy,” what are two issues encountered while transitioning an organization to a community policing philosophy? What barriers impede the effectiveness of Total Quality Management (TQM) in the process of improving organizational structure that can best facilitate community policing? How do “traditional” policing attitudes improve or impede organizational change? 

LEA312 Week 2 Problem-Oriented Policing- What and How?

Problem-Oriented Policing: What and How? Write a three- to five-page paper (excluding title and reference pages). Explain the four components and applications of problem-oriented policing. Identify and explain at least two factors necessary for success with regards to organizational support provided by leaders and administrators. Briefly discuss the impact that economic and fiscal dilemmas have on the ability of officers and deputies to enable success of the organization. Analyze the viability of this policing model in the future.

The paper must be three to five pages in length and formatted according to APA style. You must use at least two scholarly resources (at least one of which can be found in the Ashford University Library) other than the textbook to support your claims and subclaims. Cite your resources in text and on the reference page. For information regarding APA samples and tutorials, visit the Ashford Writing Center, within the Learning Resources tab on the left navigation toolbar. 

LEA312 Week 2 DQ 2 Community Policing Case Studies

Community Policing Case Studies. Compare two of the “Cop in Action” case studies from Chapters Three, Four, or Five of the textbook. Describe the specific details that identify the course of action as a representation of one of the three policing models described. What characteristics specific to that particular policing model lead to successful implementation within the case study? 

LEA312 Week 2 DQ 1 Strategic and Neighborhood-Oriented Policing Philosophies

1. Strategic and Neighborhood-Oriented Policing Philosophies. Based on the textbook readings, explain the differences between strategic and neighborhood-oriented policing. What are thesignificant advantages and disadvantages of each with regard to the law enforcement administrator’s perspective? 
2. 
   

LEA312 Week 1 Quiz

1. The police-community relations era was profoundly marked by what piece of federal legislation passed in 1968?

2. Prior to the creation of the United States of America, policing in the young country was handled by:

3. Peel’s Principles stated that the police must be under private control

4. The era of police and community relations that marks the majority of the United State’s history of policing is the political era

5. An agreeable definition of community-oriented policing has been created by:

6. According to the initiation/response chart, when the police initiate and the police respond, this is scenario:

7. According to past research, who typically initiates community-oriented policing?

8. The most typical scenario, according to the research on practical application of community- oriented policing, is that the:

9. The “ideal” form of community-oriented policing would entail both the police and community initiating the systemic approach and both the police and community responding

10. The testing of community-oriented policing on a small scale, in a particular neighborhood or business district, is known as the transitional stage.

LEA312 Week 1 DQ 2 Police-Community Relations vs. Community-Oriented Policing

1. Police-Community Relations vs. Community-Oriented Policing. In reviewing the text, thoroughly explain the differences between community-oriented policing and police-communityrelations. How do police-community relations interact or associate with community-oriented policing? How did the philosophical or theoretical changes happen over time? 
2. 
   

LEA 497 Week 5 Final Paper

For your final capstone project you will create a professional electronic portfolio that can be used to help with future job obtainment or promotions. You are encouraged to draw upon research and assignments from previous Law Enforcement Administration courses to create your e-portfolio. Using Microsoft Word, you will include all of the following components in this electronic portfolio:

•   Cover page
•   Table of contents
•   Cover letter and resume for a potential job or promotion (two to three pages)
  If you do not have a specific job in mind, you may use your hometown as your place of employment.
•   Code of Conduct and Effective Leadership (one to two pages)
  In LEA316: Ethics in Law Enforcement, you wrote a final paper analyzing ethical theories and your moral beliefs. Drawing upon your research for this paper and the topics covered in this capstone, write a code of conduct that you think every police officer should follow. Then, explain how this code of conduct promotes good leadership and integrity in law enforcement officers.
•   Community Development Plan (six to eight pages)
  You are the leader of your agency’s planning and research division and have been asked to present a critical analysis of policing as it will appear ten years into the future. Write a report based on peer-reviewed research. Refer to theCommunity Development Plan Instructions for the required components of this portion of your e- portfolio.
•   Technology Proposal (one to two pages)
  Identify three types of technology that will be useful for your hometown agency to adopt in the future in order to maintain an effective law enforcement agency. Please use research to explain.
•   Reference Page 

LEA 497 Week 5 DQ 2 Technology in Law Enforcement

Technology in Law Enforcement. Chapter Fourteen of Policing America: Challenges and Best Practices examines the exciting high-technology developments in policing (and some with applications in corrections as well), including those in the areas of less-lethal weapons, wireless technology, electronics, imaging systems, firearms, and communications.

This is an exciting time for the police; more new technologies than ever are being made available to aid them in their efforts to analyze and address crimes. Chapter Fourteen has shown the breadth of research and development that is underway. 

LEA 497 Week 5 DQ 1 Border Security

Border Security. An estimated 11.5 million illegal immigrants are now in the United States, according to the Pew Hispanic Center—the lowest number in a decade, and still declining. From 2000 to 2005, an average of 800,000 illegal immigrants entered the United States each year. But since then, an average of 500,000 has arrived annually.

Visit the CBP Border Security Spotlight and then briefly analyze the current security initiatives that are being used to protect our borders. What are some of the reasons why illegal immigration is currently declining in the U.S.? What approaches are some state and local units of government taking to attempt to further reduce the number of aliens who are living and working in their jurisdictions? 

LEA 497 Week 5 DQ 1 Border Security

Border Security. An estimated 11.5 million illegal immigrants are now in the United States, according to the Pew Hispanic Center—the lowest number in a decade, and still declining. From 2000 to 2005, an average of 800,000 illegal immigrants entered the United States each year. But since then, an average of 500,000 has arrived annually.

Visit the CBP Border Security Spotlight and then briefly analyze the current security initiatives that are being used to protect our borders. What are some of the reasons why illegal immigration is currently declining in the U.S.? What approaches are some state and local units of government taking to attempt to further reduce the number of aliens who are living and working in their jurisdictions? 

LEA 497 Week 4 Quiz

1. Categories of torts covering most lawsuits filed against criminal justice practitioners include

2. The group most susceptible to litigation and liability as an outgrowth of their work is

3. Many people believe that the means by which the police can be brutal is

4. Which of the following is not a controversial drug testing issue?

5. Ethics usually involves

6. The USA Patriot Act allows authorities to conduct searches if there was/were ____________________to believe” someone posed a national security threat

7. "Any group having some manner of formalized structure" that “seeks to obtain money illegally” is the definition of

8. Areas of criminal procedure covered under Section 1983 include

9. All but which one of the following are advantages of open-air drug markets for both buyers and sellers?

10. One element used by courts to determine whether a police officer acted in "good faith" is

LEA 497 Week 4 DQ 2 Planning for Terrorists

Planning for Terrorists. Terrorists would generally prefer to attack critical targets, several of which exist in nearly any city or county. You, as a lieutenant in your local police agency, have been assigned to your county-wide fusion center. The captain who oversees the unit informs you that your first task is to help identify all critical targets in your city or county. Using your city or county as the area you are reporting on, answer these questions:

1. What structures in your county or city do you feel should be listed as critical targets? Why? What makes them a target?
2. Might local politics come into play when developing this list, especially if someone’s business is (or is not) included? If so, how will you deal with it?
3. What should your fusion center do once your list is compiled?

LEA 497 Week 4 DQ 1 Ethical Policing

Ethical Policing. Read the following case study and answer the questions below.

Sergeant Tom Gresham is newly promoted and assigned to patrol on the graveyard shift. He knows each officer on his shift, and several of them are his close friends. You are his patrol lieutenant. Gresham is an excellent patrol officer and prides himself on his reputation and ability to get along with his peers. He believes that doing so will result in greater productivity from his officers, and he makes efforts to socialize with them after work. Gresham also believes that a supervisor should not “get in the way of good police work” and his officer’s say he is a “cop’s cop.” In his view, his duty shift officers perform very well, generating the highest number of arrests and citations in the entire department. Unfortunately, his shift is also generating the highest number of citizen complaints for abusive language and improper use of force. Gresham believes that such complaints are “the price of doing business.” One Monday morning, Gresham is surprised atbeing summoned to your office. You show Gresham a substantial number of use-of-force complaints lodged against his officers during the past two weeks. Despite your best effort to explain the gravity of the situation and the fact that Internal Affairs may become involved, Gresham fails to grasp the seriousness of the complaints and how his supervisory style may have contributed to them. 

LEA 497 Week 3 Quiz

1. ___________is "a force that is external in nature that causes strain upon the body, both physical and emotional."

2. An investigation is deemed successful when

3. A recent DNA innovation is

4. Criminalistics" is one branch of

5. As a result of increasing computer crimes, police must

6. The Supreme Court has held that when an officer has probable cause to search a vehicle, the officer may

7. In a small space like a car, officers can reasonably infer a ___________ among driver and passengers, and have probable cause to suspect that drugs belong to any or all of them

8. The Supreme Court has upheld convictions with probable cause from

9. A police officer cannot add to his or her amount of existing probable cause used to make an arrest

10. "Probable cause" can be said to mean that a police officer possesses

LEA 497 Week 3 Final Capstone Project Outline

Final Capstone Project Outline. Review the Final Capstone Project instructions in Week Five of the online course or in the “Components of Course Evaluation” section of this guide. Then, visit the Ashford Writing Center, located under the Learning Resources tab on the left navigation tool bar in your online classroom, and review the “Sample: Outline.” Format your outline for the Final Capstone Project according to the “Sample: Outline.” (NOTE: In the “Sample: Outline,” it states that the thesis statement is the last one to three sentences of the introduction. However,the thesis statement must be one sentence in length and the last sentence of the introduction.)

The outline must contain:
a. Introduction of the Community Development Plan with thesis statement 

2. At least five body paragraphs of the Community Development Plan and Technology Proposal
3. Conclusion of the Community Development Plan and Technology Proposal
4. Reference page 

LEA 497 Week 3 DQ 2 Officer Stress

Officer Stress. The police work environment itself can and does have adverse effects on police officers. It creates stress, which may be defined as a force that is external in nature that causes both physical and emotional strain upon the body. The late Hans Selye, who is known as "the father of stress research," defined stress as a nonspecific response of a body to demands placed on it.

To help officers deal with stress and its effects, a comprehensive wellness program is needed that should include five elements: (1) physical fitness, (2) stress management, (3) psychological and mental health, (4) nutrition and dietary-related behaviors, and (5) alcohol/chemical dependency. 

LEA 497 Week 3 DQ 1 Investigative Efforts

Investigative Efforts. To fully understand what kinds of investigative efforts are being made by police to address real-world problems, select two individual problem solving guides from the Center for Problem-Oriented Policing | Problem Guidesand assess what police are using to succeed in their investigative and problem-solving efforts. Summarize then analyze both of the problem guides you selected, focusing on the positive aspects of the research. How can this information be utilized and applied in a law enforcement agency? 

LEA 497 Week 2 Quiz

1. The most important element of the police selection process is probably the

2. Although the representation of women officers is low compared to their overall proportion in the total population, it _______________________in the leadership ranks.

3. Probably the most difficult barrier to recruiting minority officers has to do with

4. Which factors contribute to the current “cop crunch”?

5. As the community-oriented policing and problem-solving concept continues to expand, female officers

6. Advances in today’s patrol car technology include which of the following?

7. Problem oriented policing (POP) advocates that police

8. State statutes are normally written ____________; this contributes to greater use of police discretion

9. Although total drivers in the U.S. are evenly divided between males and females, ________ and _________drivers will be stopped at a much higher rate by the police.

10. Regarding police uniform and appearance regulations, in _________________, the U.S. Supreme Court held that police agencies have _________________________________.

LEA 497 Week 2 DQ 2 Discretion and Ethical Decisions

Discretion and Ethical Decisions. You are a patrol sergeant lecturing to a college class about the patrol function. Someone raises her hand and asks, “Sergeant, your officers obviously can’t enforce all of the laws all of the time. Which laws are always enforced, and which ones are not? What factors determine how police discretion is used?” The concepts of police discretion and ethics are obviously intertwined because all ethical dilemmas involve making a choice. How would you respond (without saying something like “We enforce all of the laws, all of the time,” which of course would be untrue)? How would you fully explain police discretion to the citizens’ group? How do you explain the fostering of good ethical decision making and discretion? How do you explain which laws are enforced first and the discretion involved in that ethical decision making?

LEA 497 Week 2 DQ 1 Academy Curriculum

Academy Curriculum. You are consulting with a large-size police department that has been criticized in the media for its high levels of recent incidents involving police errors in procedure, police misconduct, and revelations of inappropriate use of force. The police department and the police chief have come under extreme criticism from the media, the community and the city officials. On page 127 of Policing America: Challenges and Best Practices is a list of common curriculum implemented in a police academy. Answer each of the following questions pertaining to that curriculum and defend your answers: 

LEA 497 Week 1 Quiz

1. Which of the following is not one of the factors that set the stage for the emergence of the current policing era?

2. Among the recommendations of the President's Crime Commission were

3. Which of the following are entered into the NCIC files?

4. The Wickersham Commission completed the first national study of

5. The National Crime Information Center is operated by the

6. Which of the following acts led to the formation of the Drug Enforcement Administration?

7. The Internal Revenue Service's Criminal Investigation Division

8. The official legal arm of the United States government is the

9. The Federal Law Enforcement Training Center

10. Special agents of the Internal Revenue Service

LEA 497 Week 1 DQ 1 Police Evaluations and Studies

Police Evaluations and Studies. In Chapter One of Policing America: Challenges and Best Practices, you read that there were developments for the police during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Foot patrols became more popular, and many larger jurisdictions (such as Newark, New Jersey; Boston, Massachusetts; and Flint, Michigan) even began to require this form of patrol. In Newark, an evaluation led to the conclusions that officers on foot patrol were easily seen by residents, produced a significant increase in the level of satisfaction with police service, led to a significant reduction of perceived crime problems, and resulted in a significant increase in the perceived level of neighborhood safety. 

LEA 444 Week 5 DQ 2 Trained Force

Trained Force. Questions often arise regarding how to maintain a well-trained police force after the initial academy training. In your discussion, address the following:

1. What is the functional goal for the completion of in-service training?
2. What is the importance of instructional methodology?
3. Provide an example of desirable methods of training for veteran officers.
4. Why is instructional debriefing an important training technique?
5. What does instructional debriefing accomplish with regards to effective training? 

LEA 444 Week 5 DQ 1 Training the Supervisory Element

Training the Supervisory Element. While much of the training focus within law enforcement lies with the officers in the field, many departments are now committing significant time and resources towards effective supervisory and leadership training. In looking at the role of officer versus that of supervisor/manager, categorize the focus and goals of training at each level. Identify the importance and impact of the two (2) areas of training on the community and agency. What impact does liability have on the actions of the supervisor or manager? Provide your opinion on the importance of leadership training and the level of supervision at which you deem it most important to ensure the success of the squad, unit, or division. 

LEA 444 Week 4 Selecting a Field Training Program

Selecting a Field Training Program. Select two of the six case studies in A Problem-Based Learning Manual for Training and Evaluating Police Trainees, and write a comparison of the two agencies’ field training programs. What are the significant differences regarding the size of the department and the focus of community oriented policing? What changes, in terms of increasing the size of the department and the available time for commitment to training, will be involved in the development of trainees? How are training officers selected? Finally, provide your opinion regarding the best program for achieving the selected department’s goals.

The paper must be two pages in length and formatted according to APA style. You must use at least two scholarly sources (at least one of which can be found in the Ashford University Library) other than the textbook to support your claims and subclaims. Cite your resources in text and on the reference page. For information regarding APA samples and tutorials, visit the Ashford Writing Center, within the Learning Resources tab on the left navigation toolbar, in your online course. 

LEA 444 Week 4 DQ 2 Funding the Training

Funding the Training. Effective training techniques and programs, especially in regards to public safety, often need special or alternative funding. As states, counties, and cities undergo budget reductions, what are the available options for maintaining funds for training? What impact do these options present with regard to public safety? Based upon this week’sassigned readings, compare and contrast two (2) alternate means for funding law enforcement training. What restrictions or limitations are placed on departments by the funding agency? Are there any funding sources that go untapped? Why? 

LEA 444 Week 4 DQ 1 Training Needs of the Department

Training Needs of the Department. For this discussion, indicate how training programs can mitigate the exposure to liability and how available technology can improve training. In your discussion, address the following:

1. Investigate at least three (3) areas of training that require continuous planning and updating due to vicarious liability concerns.
2. Compare and contrast the needs and foci of the training designed to address these areas of concern.
3. Research and explain three (3) forms of training that utilizes advanced technology which is designed to
   meet the training needs of the department.